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公司法与劳动法竞业禁止原则之比较/宋飞

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公司法与劳动法竞业禁止原则之比较

作者:宋飞


公司法竞业禁止原则是指公司高级管理人员(包括董事、经理)不得在公司外为自己或为他人经营与公司存在竞争的行业活动。
劳动法竞业禁止原则是指劳动者和用人单位双方可以在劳动合同中约定掌握用人单位商业秘密的劳动者在中止或解除劳动合同后一定期限内(一般不超过3年),不能到与原用人单位生产同类产品或经营同类业务且有竞争关系的其他单位任职,也不得自己生产、经营同类产品或经业务。做这种约定的同时,用人单位应给予劳动者一定的经济补偿。否则,该约定无效。
两者都对个人利益加以限制,其区别主要表现在:
1.法律是否明确规定不同。竞业禁止原则在公司法中是有明确规定的;而劳动法则无明确约定,实践中往往通过劳动合同的可备条款或者用人单位内部规定来明确。
2.主体不同。公司法中竞业禁止原则限定于公司董事、经理;而劳动法则往往限定普通劳动者,比如从事程序研发的设计人员。
3.惩戒方式和功效不同。违反公司法关于竞业禁止规定的,公司可得行使归入权,将从事竞业行为所得收益收归公司所有;违反劳动法关于竞业禁止规定的,一般通过违约金、赔偿金来补偿公司损失,而且如果单位不给予劳动者相应的补偿,该合同条款不发生法律效力。
4.理论确立的规范依据不同。公司法竞业禁止原则是基于公司法61条,劳动法竞业禁止原则是基于劳动法22条和102条。

参考文献:
1.《商法.经济法》王卫国 刘凯湘主编(2001年全国律师考试制定用书6) 法律出版社2001年3月版
2.《劳动法学》(修订本) 郭捷 刘俊 杨森编著 中国政法大学出版社1999年6月修订第1版

作者简介:宋飞,1980年12月11日生, 毕业于华中科技大学法学院,现在湖北黄冈市黄州区政府法制办工作.曾在法律图书馆网发表论文《人治与法治的较量-兼论德治》、《从一案看劳动教养制度的存废》、《试论国有资产流失与法律规制》、《周??与》、《盖尤斯与》、《制定法、成文法概念比较研究》、《试论我国法学教育的现状问题与对策》、《对12起处罚决定被撤销的复议案的法理分析》;译作《中国传统哲学与争端解决》、《美国诉微软案》、《屠宰场案的负面影响》。

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全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治违反公司法的犯罪的决定(附英文)

全国人民代表大会常务委员会


中华人民共和国主席令(八届第41号)

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治违反公司法的犯罪的决定》已由中华人民共和国第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议于1995年2月28日通过,现予公布,自公布之日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 江泽民
1995年2月28日


全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治违反公司法的犯罪的决定(附英文)

(1995年2月28日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议通过 1995年2月28日中华人民共和国主席令第四十一号公布 1995年2月28日施行)

为了维护社会经济秩序,保护公司的合法权益,惩治违反公司法的犯罪行为,对刑法作如下补充规定:
一、申请公司登记的人使用虚假证明文件或者采取其他欺诈手段虚报注册资本,欺骗公司登记主管部门,取得公司登记,虚报注册资本数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,可以并处虚报注册资本金额百分之十以下罚金。
申请公司登记的单位犯前款罪的,对单位判处虚报注册资本金额百分之十以下罚金,并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照前款的规定,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
二、公司发起人、股东违反公司法的规定未交付货币、实物或者未转移财产权,虚假出资,或者在公司成立后又抽逃其出资,数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,可以并处虚假出资金额或者抽逃出资金额百分之十以下罚金。
单位犯前款罪的,对单位判处虚假出资金额或者抽逃出资金额百分之十以下罚金,并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照前款的规定,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
三、制作虚假的招股说明书、认股书、公司债券募集办法发行股票或者公司债券,数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,可以并处非法募集资金金额百分之五以下罚金。
单位犯前款罪的,对单位判处非法募集资金金额百分之五以下罚金,并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照前款的规定,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
四、公司向股东和社会公众提供虚假的或者隐瞒重要事实的财务会计报告,严重损害股东或者其他人利益的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,可以并处二十万元以下罚金。
五、公司进行清算时,隐匿财产,对资产负债表或者财产清单作虚伪记载或者在未清偿债务前分配公司财产,严重损害债权人或者其他人利益的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,可以并处二十万元以下罚金。
六、承担资产评估、验资、验证、审计职责的人员故意提供虚假证明文件,情节严重的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,可以并处二十万元以下罚金。
单位犯前款罪的,对单位判处违法所得五倍以下罚金,并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照前款的规定,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
七、未经公司法规定的有关主管部门批准,擅自发行股票、公司债券,数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,可以并处非法募集资金金额百分之五以下罚金。
单位犯前款罪的,对单位判处非法募集资金金额百分之五以下罚金,并对直接负责的主管人员,依照前款的规定,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
八、国家有关主管部门的国家工作人员,对不符合法律规定条件的公司设立、登记申请或者股票、债券发行、上市申请,予以批准或者登记,致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的,依照刑法第一百八十七条的规定处罚。
上级部门强令登记机关及其工作人员实施前款行为的,对直接负责的主管人员依照前款规定处罚。
九、公司董事、监事或者职工利用职务上的便利,索取或者收受贿赂,数额较大的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;数额巨大的,处五年以上有期徒刑,可以并处没收财产。
十、公司董事、监事或者职工利用职务或者工作上的便利,侵占本公司财物,数额较大的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;数额巨大的,处五年以上有期徒刑,可以并处没收财产。
十一、公司董事、监事或者职工利用职务上的便利,挪用本单位资金归个人使用或者借贷给他人,数额较大、超过三个月未还的,或者虽未超过三个月,但数额较大、进行营利活动的,或者进行非法活动的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。挪用本单位资金数额较大不退还的,依照本决
定第十条规定的侵占罪论处。
十二、国家工作人员犯本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定之罪的,依照《关于惩治贪污罪贿赂罪的补充规定》的规定处罚。
十三、犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的,应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪,被没收违法所得,判处罚金、没收财产,承担民事赔偿责任的,其财产不足以支付时,先承担民事赔偿责任。
十四、有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的,适用本决定。
十五、本决定自公布之日起施行。

Decision on Punishment over Crimes against the Company Law

(Adopted at the 12th Session of The standing Committee of The 8thNational People's Congress and promulgated on February 28, 1995)

Whole document
Decision on Punishment over Crimes against the Company Law
(Adopted at the 12th Session of The standing Committee of The 8th
National People's Congress and promulgated on February 28, 1995)
With a view to maintaining the social and economic order, protecting
the legal rights and interests of a company, punishing the crimes against
the company Law, the following provisions are formulated as a supplement
to the Criminal Law.
Article 1
Anyone who falsely reports the registered capital of a company when
applying for registration to the competent authorities by using fake
certificate documents or taking other fraudulent methods to acquire the
registration of the company, if to a huge amount, resulting in a serious
consequence or other grave effects, shall be sentenced to less than 3
years' imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined
amounting to no more than 10 percent of the registered capital falsely
reported.
The unit applying for registration, who commits the offence provided
for in the preceding paragraph, shall be fined amounting to less than 10
percent of the registered capital falsely reported; the person(s) directly
in charge and others directly obliged shall be sentenced to less than 3
years' imprisonment or criminal detention in accordance with the
provisions stipulated in the preceding paragraph.
Article 2
The promoters, shareholders of a company who, in violation of the
Company Law, do not deliver the currencies or property in kind or do not
effect the transfer of property rights, falsely deliver the capital
contributions or withdraw the capital contributions after the company has
been established, if to a huge amount, resulting in a serious consequence
or other grave effects, shall be sentenced to less than 5 years'
imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined amounting
to less than 10 percent of the capital falsely delivered or withdrawn.
The unit, committing the offence provided for in the preceding
paragraph, shall be fined amounting to less than 10 percent of the capital
falsely delivered or withdrawn by the unit; the person(s) directly in
charge and others directly obliged shall be sentenced to less than 5
years' imprisonment or criminal detention according to the provisions
stipulated in the preceding paragraph.
Article 3
Anyone who issues stocks or corporate bonds by making up fake
prospectus, share subscription applications or corporate bond offer
procedure, if to a huge amount and resulting in a serious consequence or
other grave effects, shall be sentenced to no more than 5 years'
imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined amounting
to no more than 5 percent of the fund illegally raised.
The unit, committing the offence provided for in the preceding
paragraph, shall be fined amounting to less than 5 percent of the fund
illegally raised; the person(s) directly in charge and others directly
obliged shall be sentenced to no more than 5 years' imprisonment or
criminal detention according to the provisions stipulated in the preceding
paragraph.
Article 4
If a company provides the shareholders and the solo public with a
false financial and accounting report or conceals important information in
its financial and accounting report, thus seriously infringing upon the
interests of shareholders or others, the person(s) directly in charge and
others directly obliged shall be sentenced to less than 3 years'
imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined amounting
to no more than RMB 200,000 yuan.
Article 5
In liquidation, if a company hides its assets, makes a false account
in its balance sheet or inventory of property sheet, or allocates its
assets before clearing off its debts, thus seriously infringing upon the
interests of the creditors or others, the person(s) directly in charge and
others directly obliged shall be sentenced to no more than 5 years'
imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together, be fined amounting
to RMB 200,000 yuan.
Article 6
The personnel in charge of valuation of assets, examination of
capital, verification and audit, who deliberately submit false
documentation, thus resulting in a grave effect, shall be sentenced to no
more than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal detention, and may, together,
be fined amounting to no more than RMB 200,000 yuan.
The unit, committing the offence provided for in the preceding
paragraph shall be fined amounting to no more than fivefold illegal gains;
the person directly in charge and others directly obliged shall be
sentenced to imprisonment or criminal detention of no more than 5 years
according to the provisions specified in the preceding paragraph.
Article 7
Anyone who issues stocks or corporate bonds without approval of the
relevant competent authority regulated by the Company Law, if to a huge
amount and resulting in a serious consequence or other grave effects,
shall be sentenced to less than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal
detention, and may, together, be fined amounting to less than 5 percent
of the fund illegally raised.
The unit, committing the offence provided for in the preceding
paragraph shall be fined amounting to less than 5 percent of the fund
illegally raised by the unit; the person directly in charge shall be
sentenced to less than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal detention
according to the provisions specified in the preceding paragraph.
Article 8
The state personnel of relevant competent authorities, who grant
approval or registration to a company which does not meet the conditions
required by the law in the application for its establishment and
registration, or for listing or issuance of stocks or corporate bonds,
thus seriously infringing upon the public property and the interests of
the state and people, shall be punished according to Article 187 of the
Criminal Law.
Where the higher-level authority forcefully orders the registration
authority and its personnel to take the actions stipulated in the
preceding paragraph, the person in charge who is directly responsible
shall be punished according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.
Article 9
A company's director, supervisor or staff member who exploits his
office to extort and accept bribery, if to a fairly large amount, shall be
sentenced to no more than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal detention,
and, if to a huge amount, to no less than 5 years' imprisonment, and his
property may, together, be forfeited to the state.
Article 10
A company's director, supervisor or staff member who exploits his
office to seize the company's property, if to a fairly large amount, shall
be sentenced to no more than 5 years' imprisonment or criminal detention,
and, if to a huge amount, to no less more than 5 years' imprisonment, and
his property may, together, be forfeited to the state.
Article 11
A company's director, supervisor or staff member who exploits his
office to embezzle the public fund of his unit for his private use or for
lending it to others, if to a fairly large amount and having not returned
it for over 3 months, or using it for profits-seeking purpose or other
unlawful activities although having returned it within 3 months, shall be
sentenced to no more than 3 years' imprisonment or criminal detention,
and, if to a fairly large amount and never returning it, shall be
punished as the offence of embezzling-public-funds as provided for in
Article 10 of this Decision.
Article 12
State personnel who commit a crime against the provisions as provided
for in Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 of this Decision, shall be
punished according to the provisions stipulated in the Supplementary
Provisions on Punishment over Crime of Corruption and Bribery.
Article 13
Illegal gains, if any, from the crimes as provided for in this
Decision shall be confiscated.
Those who commit crimes against this Decision, with their illegal
gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed, their property forfeited and a
civil compensation assumed, shall be liable for the civil compensation in
priority in case they are insufficient of the assets for payment of all
the above items.
Article 14
This Decision shall as well be applicable to the crimes committed
against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 of this Decision by the staff
and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and
companies limited by shares.
Article 15
This Decision shall enter into force from the date of its
promulgation.


国家税务总局关于开展1998年全国税收检查工作的通知

国家税务总局


国家税务总局关于开展1998年全国税收检查工作的通知
国家税务总局




各省、自治区、直辖市和计划单列市国家税务局、地方税务局:
为了贯彻落实全国税务局长会议精神,进一步加强税收征管,减少税收流失,坚决打击偷、骗、抗税违法行为,严肃税收法纪,确保完成1998年税收收入任务,国家税务总局决定在全国范围内开展税收检查工作。现将有关事项通知如下:
一、检查的时限
1998年9月份开始,年底结束,明年1月份各地对检查情况进行整理、汇总和总结,并将把检查结果上报总局。对检查过程中发现的重大案件线索和遇到的特殊情况,各地税务机关应随时向总局报告,以便及时采取措施予以解决。
二、检查的内容
1998年全国税收检查工作包括日常税收检查、税收专项检查和税收大要案查处。税收专项检查的主要内容如下,各地税务机关可根据各自具体情况适当调整,统筹安排:
(一)清查各税漏征漏管户
(二)重点检查的行业、企业或税种
流转税主要检查1997年至1998年6月底之间的纳税情况;对出口企业主要检查1996年至1998年6月底之间发生的出口业务和退税情况;企业所得税主要检查1997年度的纳税情况。涉嫌偷逃税的,可追溯到以前年度。
1.民政福利企业和校办企业。
2.邮电服务行业。
3.烟、酒、电力、石油、石化、铁路运输行业和跨地区承包建筑安装工程的建筑安装业流转税缴纳情况。
4.经营进口成品油、感光材料、手机、汽车的企业,组装进口计算机的生产企业和进口汽车的修理修配企业。
5.实行“免、抵、退”税的出口企业和从事进料加工贸易的企业。
6.1993年12月31日之前成立的外商投资企业五年来超税负返还情况和出口不作销售而将出口货物进项税额在内销货物销项税额中抵扣的情况。
7.外贸企业出口货物不申报退税不索取增值税专用发票情况。
8.金融保险行业的营业税、个人所得税的纳税情况;中保集团所属省、地(市)、县级分支公司企业所得税的各项应税收入和税前扣除项目。
9.演出市场、广告市场、境外所得和城乡结合部私房出租业个人所得税的纳税情况。
10.外国企业预提所得税的代扣代缴情况。
三、检查的政策界限
对检查中发现的各类税收违法问题,要按照《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》及其实施细则的有关规定严肃处理,加大对税收违法行为的处罚力度。对自查、自报、自缴税款的,可免于行政处罚,但必须自税款滞纳之日起加收滞纳金。要结合这次检查对欠税进行清理,除追缴税款外
,必须加收滞纳金;对长期拖欠税款的,要责令限期缴纳,逾期不缴的,依法采取强制执行措施进行追缴。对查出的偷、骗、抗税案件除追缴税款和加收滞纳金外,应处以不低于所偷、骗、抗税款一倍的罚款;罚款低于一倍的,应报上一级税务机关审批。对情节严重、有犯罪嫌疑的案件,
要依法追缴税款、加收滞纳金和罚款,并移送司法机关处理。
四、检查的组织实施
各级税务机关对这次检查工作要统一领导、统一部署,一把手要亲自挂帅,并指定一位主管副局长专门负责,要综合调配征管、税政和稽查部门的人员,集中力量开展检查工作,切实把检查任务落到实处。税收日常检查的重点检查面不得低于30%。检查中遇到的有关业务政策问题分
别由征管、税政和稽查部门归口处理。检查结果要及时向有关部门通报。1998年税收检查工作结束后,日常检查情况由各地税收征管部门上报总局征管司,专项检查情况由各个税政部门上报总局各有关业务司,税收检查的总体情况由各地稽查部门统一汇总上报总局稽查局。
五、检查的基本要求
(一)国税局、地税局要统一协调行动
1998年全国税收检查工作检查范围广,涉及内容多。各级国税局、地税局一定要相互协调、搞好配合,统一行动。对涉及双方业务的检查,国税局、地税局原则上应组织联合检查组开展工作,避免分别进入企业同时进行检查,以减轻企业负担,保证企业正常业务的开展。
(二)有关检查工作的衔接问题
总局此前安排的有关税收专项检查,尚未开展的,要纳入这次全国税收检查工作统一部署;已在进行的,也要尽量按照本通知精神做好衔接。具体安排可由各地税务机关进行协调。
(三)认真做好税收检查的总结工作
1998年全国税收检查工作结束后,各地税务机关要针对本地区具体情况,对有普遍性的税收违法行为和税收征管工作漏洞,进行全面总结。属于具体工作中的问题,要及时采取措施,切实改进税收征管,堵塞漏洞,严防税收流失;属于普遍性的问题,应及时上报反映,并提出改进
意见和建议,以便进一步健全税收法规制度,改善税收征管环境和秩序,努力把税收征管工作提高到一个新水平。



1998年9月7日

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