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中华人民共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国联合声明

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-17 18:12:04  浏览:9393   来源:法律资料网
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中华人民共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国联合声明

中国 巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国


中华人民共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国联合声明


2006/02/24


中华人民共和国与巴基斯坦

伊斯兰共和国联合声明

  一、应中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛的邀请,巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国总统佩尔韦兹·穆沙拉夫于2006年2月19日至23日对中华人民共和国进行国事访问。

  二、胡锦涛主席同穆沙拉夫总统举行了正式会谈。中国全国人大常委会委员长吴邦国、国务院总理温家宝和全国政协主席贾庆林分别会见了穆沙拉夫总统。两国领导人在亲切、友好的气氛中,就进一步加强和发展中巴战略合作伙伴关系及共同关心的国际和地区问题深入交换了意见,达成广泛共识。

  三、访问期间,穆沙拉夫总统在中国社会科学院向中国部分知名学者作了演讲,参加了与中国企业界人士的座谈会,出席了庆祝中巴建交55周年特别活动。穆沙拉夫总统及其代表团还访问了四川省成都市。

  四、两国领导人满意地回顾了中巴关系55年的发展历程,一致认为,中巴友谊深入人心,真诚友好、互利合作、相互信任、相互支持已成为中巴关系的显著特征。无论国际、地区及两国国内形势如何变化,中巴全天候友谊经受住了时间的考验,不断发扬光大。双方认为,当前国际和地区形势正在发生重大而深刻的变化,两国加强睦邻友好、开展互利合作、深化战略关系符合两国和两国人民的根本利益,有利于本地区的和平与发展。双方强调,进一步巩固和发展睦邻友好、互利合作的中巴战略合作伙伴关系,是两国外交政策的既定方针,两国将继续采取积极措施不断深化和充实中巴关系的内涵。

  五、双方对2003年11月两国元首发表的《中华人民共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国关于双边合作发展方向的联合宣言》得到顺利实施,以及对《中华人民共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国睦邻友好合作条约》的签订并生效表示满意。双方同意,两国领导人将保持高层互访和接触,就重大国际和地区问题以及双边关系举行经常性的磋商与协调,为促进两国以及本地区的稳定与繁荣做出不懈努力。

  六、穆沙拉夫总统代表巴基斯坦政府和人民感谢中国政府和人民在巴基斯坦发生地震灾害后所提供的紧急物资和人道主义援助,认为中方的无私援助体现了中巴之间患难与共的真挚情意。胡锦涛主席表示中方将积极参与巴灾区重建,帮助灾区人民早日重建家园。

  七、双方决心以庆祝建交55周年为契机,把中巴关系推向更新、更高的水平。双方商定在今年内举办“文化周”、“电影周”、媒体互访、学术交流等活动。

  八、双方决心进一步加强各领域的互利合作,认为经贸合作不仅是中巴睦邻友好合作关系的重要组成部分,也是中巴两国共同利益的纽带。双方同意继续探讨扩大和深化两国经贸合作的新途径和新方式,实现共同发展,造福于两国和两国人民。

  九、双方对实施中巴自贸区“早期收获计划”表示满意,同意加快“自由贸易协定”谈判进程。双方重视利用喀喇昆仑公路促进两国陆路贸易,并愿采取措施提供便利。

  十、双方还对中国帮助巴基斯坦开发各类经济项目取得进展深感满意。这些项目包括瓜达尔港、山达克铜金矿、杜达铅锌矿等。双方同意鼓励企业间的合作,包括建立合资企业,支持早日启动扩大经济和贸易领域合作的联合研究。双方同意两国金融机构成立中巴联合投资公司。双方还原则同意合作改扩建中巴喀喇昆仑公路。双方特别强调重视农业合作,尤其是农产品加工业、农药、滴水灌溉和渔业方面的合作。双方还签署了关于扩大和深化双边经济贸易合作的框架协议。

  十一、双方同意加强能源领域合作,并签署了内容广泛的《中巴能源领域合作框架协议》。巴方表示对修建炼油厂、天然气终端、油气储备和转运设施有兴趣。中方欢迎上述提议,并同意协助巴发展油气产业。

  十二、双方对恰希玛核电站一期工程的运行以及二期的开工和建设表示满意,同意继续加强在和平利用核能方面的合作。

  十三、双方十分重视进一步扩大社会领域合作,包括卫生、人力资源开发、教育、职业培训等领域。

  十四、双方同意加强在高科技领域的合作,包括和平利用空间技术的合作。双方还同意有关地球、海洋和空间科学的学术机构之间开展更紧密的联系,推动相关技术在工农业领域的应用。双方还同意开展在地震、地质和南极等领域的科研合作。

  十五、中方重申尊重巴基斯坦的独立、主权和领土完整,赞赏并支持巴基斯坦为促进南亚和平与稳定、捍卫国家主权和独立所做的一切努力。巴方重申继续坚定奉行一个中国的政策,承认中华人民共和国政府是代表全中国的唯一合法政府,台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。巴方反对“台湾独立”,完全支持中国的和平统一大业。

  十六、双方全面讨论了国际和地区形势,重申坚决反对一切形式的恐怖主义,反对大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的扩散,努力维护国际和平与稳定。双方一致认为,联合国改革旨在维护联合国的权威和团结,应当优先重视发展问题。安理会改革应充分考虑广大会员国的利益,通过广泛和深入协商,找到各方均能接受的解决办法。

  十七、巴方欢迎中国成为“南亚区域合作联盟”(SAARC)的观察员。中方欢迎巴基斯坦成为“上海合作组织”(SCO)的观察员,并邀请巴方出席今年6月在上海举行的“上海合作组织”峰会。双方表示支持亚洲区域合作进程,并认为需要促进不同地区间的合作。

  十八、访问期间,双方分别签署了《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府关于扩大和深化双边经济贸易合作的协定》、《中华人民共和国国防部和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国国防部合作框架协议》、《中华人民共和国国家发展改革委员会和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国石油和自然资源部关于能源领域合作框架协议》、《中华人民共和国劳动与社会保障部与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国劳动、人力和海外巴侨部在职业培训领域的合作谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国交通部与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国交通部关于改造喀喇昆仑公路的合作谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国农业部与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国食品、农业和畜牧业部关于渔业合作的谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国农业部与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国食品、农业和畜牧业部关于在农药管理领域开展合作的谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国商务部和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国商务部关于启动双边经贸合作五年规划联合研究的谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国卫生部和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国卫生部卫生领域合作谅解备忘录》、《关于中华人民共和国国家人口和计划生育委员会与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国人口福利部之间合作的备忘录》、《中华人民共和国地震局和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国气象厅关于在地震研究领域合作的谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国中国气象局和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国巴基斯坦气象局气象科技合作谅解备忘录》、《中国进出口银行与巴基斯坦经济事务和统计部关于中华人民共和国政府向巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府提供3亿美元优惠出口买方信贷的总协议》。

  十九、穆沙拉夫总统邀请胡锦涛主席今年访问巴基斯坦并参加庆祝建交55周年活动。胡锦涛主席对此表示感谢。







Joint Statement Between the People’s Republic of China

And the Islamic Republic of Pakistan





1. At the invitation of President Hu Jintao of the People’s Republic of China, President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan paid a state visit to the People’s Republic of China from 19 to 23 February 2006.



2. President Hu Jintao held official talks with President Musharraf. Mr. Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, Mr. Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council, and Mr. Jia Qinglin, Chairman of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, met President Musharraf respectively. In a cordial and friendly atmosphere, leaders of the two countries had in-depth exchange of views and reached broad common ground on strengthening China-Pakistan strategic partnership of cooperation and on international and regional issues of mutual interest.



3. During his visit, President Musharraf addressed leading Chinese scholars at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, met members of the Chinese business community and attended a special commemorative event marking the 55th Anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Pakistan. President Musharraf and his delegation also visited Chengdu, Sichuan Province.



4. The leaders of the two countries reviewed with satisfaction the growth of China-Pakistan relations over the past 55 years. They were glad to see that China-Pakistan friendship featuring sincerity, cooperation, mutual trust and support has struck deep root in the hearts of the two peoples. The all-weather friendship between China and Pakistan has withstood the test of time and prospered notwithstanding changes in the international, regional and domestic environment. Both sides agreed that at a time when major and profound changes are taking place both internationally and regionally, to strengthen good-neighborliness and friendship, develop cooperation and deepen strategic relations between China and Pakistan serves the fundamental interests of the two countries and peoples and will promote peace and development in the region. Both sides emphasized that the two countries are committed to enhancing China-Pakistan strategic partnership of cooperation featuring good-neighborliness, friendship and mutual cooperation. The two countries will continue to take steps to deepen and enrich China-Pakistan relations.



5. Both sides expressed satisfaction with the successful implementation of the Joint Declaration Between the People’s Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on the Direction of Bilateral Cooperation issued by the two Heads of State in November 2003 and the signing and coming into effect of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good-neighborly Relations. They agreed to maintain exchange of high-level visits and contacts and conduct regular consultation and coordination on major international and regional issues and bilateral relations and to make unremitting efforts to promote stability and prosperity both in China and Pakistan and in the region.



6. On behalf of the Pakistani Government and people, President Musharraf expressed appreciation to the Chinese Government and people for the provision of emergency relief material and humanitarian assistance in the wake of the earthquake in Pakistan. He stated that the selfless assistance of the Chinese side reflected the true friendship between China and Pakistan tested by adversity. President Hu Jintao said that the Chinese side will take an active part in the reconstruction of disaster-hit areas in Pakistan and help the affected people rebuild their homeland.



7. The two sides decided to use the occasion of the 55th Anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties to lift China-Pakistan relations to a new height. The two sides agreed to hold this year the “Cultural Week” and “Film Week”, and to exchange media and academic visits.



8. Both sides expressed their firm resolve to strengthen cooperation in all spheres. They held that to maintain trade and economic links is not only an important part of China-Pakistan cooperation and good-neighborly relations but also a bond of common interests between the two countries. Both sides agreed to explore new ways to expand economic cooperation and trade to promote common development for the two countries and peoples.



9. The two sides expressed satisfaction with the implementation of the Early Harvest Programme, and agreed to expedite negotiations on the Free Trade Agreement. They emphasized that overland trade through the Karakoram Highway should be promoted and were ready to adopt measures to facilitate such trade.



10. Both sides also expressed deep satisfaction with the progress being made on various Chinese-assisted economic projects in Pakistan, including Gwadar Port, Sandhak Gold and Copper and Dudar Zinc and Lead. They agreed to encourage cooperation between Chinese and Pakistani companies, including setting up joint ventures, and supported the early launching of a joint study on expanding economic cooperation and trade. Both sides agreed to set up a China-Pakistan Joint Investment Company between the financial institutions of the two countries. Both sides also reached agreement in principle to upgrade the Karakoram Highway. Special emphasis was placed on cooperation in agriculture, especially agro-based industry, pesticides, drip irrigation and fisheries. A framework agreement on expanding and deepening economic cooperation was signed.



11. Both sides agreed to enhance their cooperation in the energy sector and signed the Framework Agreement on Energy Cooperation, a wide-ranging document. Pakistan expressed its interest in construction of oil refineries, gas terminals, oil and gas storage and transit facilities. The Chinese side welcomed these proposals and agreed to assist in the development of oil and gas sector in Pakistan.



12. Both sides expressed satisfaction with the performance of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-I and the start of the construction of the Chashma Power Plant Unit-II. They agreed to enhance cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy.



13. Both sides attached considerable importance to broadening cooperation in social sectors, including health, human resources development, education and vocational training.



14. Both sides agreed to enhance cooperation in high technology, including space technology for peaceful purposes. They agreed to enhance close cooperation between relevant institutions in the earth, marine and space sciences and promote the application of relevant technologies in industry and agriculture. They also agreed to cooperate in seismology, geology and Antarctic sciences.



15. China reaffirmed its respect for Pakistan’s independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity. It appreciated and supported Pakistan’s efforts to promote peace and stability in South Asia and supported all efforts by Pakistan to safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence. Pakistan reaffirmed its long-standing commitment to the one China policy and recognized that the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China and that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China’s territory. Pakistan opposed “Taiwan independence” and fully supported China’s peaceful reunification.



16. The two sides discussed in depth the international and regional developments. They reaffirmed their firm opposition to terrorism in all its forms and manifestations as well as the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery. They expressed their commitment to maintaining international peace and stability. Both sides agreed that the United Nations reform should aim at strengthening its authority and unity and give priority to the issue of development. The reform of the Security Council should take into full consideration the interests of all its members, and a formula acceptable to all should be sought through extensive and thorough consultations.



17. Pakistan welcomed China becoming an observer of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). China welcomed Pakistan becoming an observer of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and invited it to participate in the SCO Shanghai Summit in June 2006. Both sides expressed their support for the process of regional cooperation in Asia and the need to promote inter-regional cooperation.



18. The two sides signed Framework Agreement on Expanding and Deepening Bilateral Economic and Trade Cooperation between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Framework Agreement on the Cooperation between the Ministry of National Defence of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Defence of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Framework Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Energy between the National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Petroleum and National Resources of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on Vocational Training between the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, Government of the People’s Republic of China and Ministry of Labor, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU between the Ministry of Communications of People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Communications of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Cooperation in the Up-gradation of Karakoram Highway, MOU between the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Cooperation in the Field of Fisheries, MOU for Cooperation on Pesticide Management between the Ministry of Agriculture, the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on the Launching of the Joint Program of the Five-year Plan for the Bilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation between the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Commerce of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU in the field of Health between the Ministry of Health Of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Health Of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on Cooperation between the National Population and Family Planning Commission, Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Population Welfare, Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on Cooperation in the Field of Earthquake Studies between China Administration of the People’s Republic of China and Pakistan Metrological Department of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on Cooperation in the Field of Meteorological Science and Technology between the China Meteorological Administration of the People’s Republic of China and the Pakistan Meteorological Department of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, General Loan Agreement Regarding Utilization of the Preferential Buyer’s Credit from the Government of the People’s Republic of China to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan between the Export-Import Bank of China and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.



19. President Musharraf invited President Hu Jintao to visit Pakistan this year and to participate in commemorative events celebrating the 55th Anniversary of diplomatic ties between the two countries. President Hu thanked President Musharraf for the invitation.

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对外贸易经济合作部关于印发《大米出口经营管理暂行规定》的通知

对外贸易经济合作部


对外贸易经济合作部关于印发《大米出口经营管理暂行规定》的通知
1993年9月7日,对外贸易经济合作部

各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市经贸委厅、外贸局,中国粮油食品进出口总公司:
根据国务院批准的《出口商品管理暂行办法》(国发〔1992〕69号)的有关规定,现将《大米出口经营管理暂行规定》印发给你们,请遵照执行。

附 件:大米出口经营管理暂行规定
大米是关系国计民生并在我国出口中占有重要地位的大宗传统出口商品。根据国务院批准的《出口商品管理暂行办法》(国发〔1992〕69号)有关规定,为安排好国内外市场,维护正常贸易秩序,国家对大米出口实行计划配额管理,并组织统一联合经营。具体做法暂行规定如下:
一、按照国家下达的大米出口计划配额,辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖北、湖南、四川等省、市粮油进出口公司,中国粮油食品进出口总公司和国内贸易部一家有条件的现有实体公司,可自行对外成交、出口,并自负盈亏。其它省市出口大米由中国粮油食品进出口总公司代理出口或经外经贸部批准后自行对外成交、出口,并自负盈亏。
二、凡政府间(包括国营公司)协议贸易项下的大米出口,如古巴、毛里求斯、利比亚、也门等国,由中国粮油食品进出口总公司统一经营。
三、中国食品土畜进出口商会负责协调大米出口的价格、市场、客户,重点协调价格,并将统一协调价格发给有关出口经营公司和发证机关执行,同时报外经贸部备案,各经营单位应服从商会协调。
四、外经贸部授权的发证机关,按照国家下达的大米出口计划配额和出口许可证管理的有关规定,核发大米出口许可证。
五、本暂行规定自发文之日起执行。


  裁判要旨

  商业房共有人出租房屋,其中的共有人隐性参与他人承租,承租期间经营方式发生改变,不构成合同法第二百二十四条第二款规定的“承租人未经出租人同意转租”之情形,应认定租赁合同有效。出租人请求解除合同的,不予支持。

  案情

  2007年1月,原告曾静、汪培锡与第三人郭祥培合伙购买重庆市奉节县永安镇人民广场架空步行街1幢2-2号商业用房(次年11月三人取得房屋产权)。2007年3月18日,原告曾静、汪培锡、第三人郭祥培与被告谢绍敏、易磊签订《门市租赁合同》,合同约定:二原告和第三人将其架空步行街1幢2-2号商业用房租与被告谢绍敏、易磊,租期10年,第一年租金14万元,以后每年递增6%,租期内未经二原告和第三人郭祥培同意转租的按违约处理。该商业用房自2007年4月23日交付给被告谢绍敏、易磊使用起,原告曾静、汪培锡应分得的房租费一直由第三人郭祥培统一领取后给付。被告谢绍敏、易磊将承租之房用于合伙开办天福楼饭店,谢绍敏、易磊系显名股东,郭祥培系隐名股东。2007年9月,因天福楼饭店需要将工商营业执照办理在第三人李毅(被告谢绍敏之女)名下,即由第三人郭祥培出面与李毅签订了一份并不实际履行的《门市租赁合同》。天福楼开业后,李毅、谢绍敏、易磊、郭祥培签订《天福楼经营承包合同》,约定由李毅承包经营天福楼饭店。同年12月30日,谢绍敏、易磊、郭祥培签订《天福楼股份转让协议》,约定易磊将部分股份转让给谢绍敏,其余股份转让给郭祥培,但实际上由郭祥培、易磊对郭祥培持有的天福楼股份各享有50%的权益,至今谢绍敏、郭祥培仍为天福楼显名股东,易磊为隐名股东。至原告起诉时,各方当事人均按合同约定全面履行了义务并享受了权利。原告曾静、汪培锡起诉认为,被告谢绍敏、易磊与第三人郭祥培、李毅恶意串通,未经原告同意即以承包形式将商业用房以年租金40.3万元转租给李毅经营饭店,其转租行为无效,请求判令解除曾静、汪培锡、郭祥培与谢绍敏、易磊2007年3月18日签订的《门市租赁合同》,并由二被告及郭祥培返还商业用房。被告谢绍敏、易磊和第三人李毅辩称,天福楼并非转租而是改变经营方式,请求驳回二原告的诉讼请求。第三人郭祥培辩称,我既是出租房屋的产权人之一,也是天福楼的股东之一,房屋实际由李毅经营,租金一直是由我领取后分给二原告的。不存在恶意串通,请求法院依法判决。

  裁判

  奉节县人民法院审理认为,原告曾静、汪培锡、第三人郭祥培与被告人谢绍敏、易磊于2007年3月18日签订的《门市租赁合同》,合法有效,各方当事人均应当按照合同约定履行义务。谢绍敏与李毅系母女关系,谢绍敏、易磊将承租门面房以谢绍敏女儿李毅的名义办理工商营业执照,并承包经营,现谢绍敏、易磊、郭祥培仍系天福楼饭店的合伙人,享受合伙人权利并承担义务。因此,天福楼饭店只是在经营过程中经营方式按合伙人的意愿发生了改变,并非原告所诉的转租、转让、转包行为。并且郭祥培既是出租门面房的产权人之一,又是天福楼的合伙人,对天福楼内部经营方式的变化是明知的,出租门面的租金每年都是郭祥培统一领取后分发给其他产权人,说明郭祥培与二原告有充分的联系,天福楼饭店的营业执照2007年9月就以李毅的名义办理,由于营业执照悬挂于营业场所,对外应有公示的作用,应视为二原告应当知道。故原告要求解除租赁合同之请求,既不符合合同法的相关规定,也不符合双方约定的解除条件,故其主张本院不予支持。至于租金的高低,因是基于当事人签约时对市场行情的主观判断,属于经营风险,不属于法院调整范围。遂判决:驳回原告曾静、汪培锡及第三郭祥培的诉讼请求。

  评析

  一、个人合伙租赁经营中,经营方式的改变不构成擅自转租违约

  合同法第二百二十四条第二款规定:“承租人未经出租人同意转租的,出租人可以解除合同。”本款之所以如此规定,立法主旨在于:承租人未经出租人同意擅自转租租赁物,直接破坏了出租人对承租人的信任,直接损害了出租人对租赁物的所有权或处分权,造成多层次的租赁物占有关系,增加了出租人要求返还租赁物的难度。因而法律规定,一旦出现这种情况,即赋予出租人的合同解除权,以保障其物权利益。而本案的情况,不属于该款规定之情形。

  首先,商业用房的所有权人曾静、汪培锡、郭祥培通过合同形式将房屋出租给谢绍敏、易磊经营,一经签约,合同生效,租赁关系合法成立。按照古罗马法的定义,“合同是一把法锁,一旦成立,就把各方当事人拷在一起。”本案之合法租赁关系双方均予认同,并无异议,因而各方当事人均应按照合同约定履行义务并享受权利。

  其次,被告谢绍敏、易磊承租之后,具有独立自主选择或改变经营方式的权利,他人包括出租人均无权干涉。被告谢绍敏、易磊承租后,根据经营状况,合伙人共同议定以谢绍敏之女李毅名义办理工商营业执照,承包天福楼饭店,合伙人以收取承包费的方式坐享其成。这属于共同合伙人内部租赁经营方式的正常变化,既未改变租赁经营性质,又提高了租赁经营效益,于租赁双方均有益无害。本案法官正是洞察了合伙人租赁经营中内部经营方式改变这一核心问题,划清了法律关于未经出租人同意擅自转租与合伙人租赁经营方式变化之间的界限,从而维护了合伙各方的合法权益。

  再次,本案即使按原告所诉被告擅自转租成立,同样不符合合同法第二百二十四条第二款之情形。这是因为:一方面,该款规定“承租人未经出租人同意转租”与本案不相符。本案中李毅承包若视为转租的话,是经过租赁物共有人同意的,因为郭祥培既是天福楼发包人之一,又是天福楼所有权人之一。天福楼无论视为发包性质还是转租性质,郭祥培均是决策人之一。另一方面,尽管天福楼所有权人曾静、汪培锡、郭祥培出租天福楼的《门市租赁合同》中约定,租赁期内未经曾、汪、郭三人同意转包的按违约处理,但作为承租人的谢绍敏、易磊明知郭祥培兼具合伙人和出租人双重身伤,因而有理由相信郭对曾、汪二原告具有代理权。这从理论上同样可以推断擅自转租的理解不能成立。

  二、原告曾静、汪培锡对于天福楼租赁经营方式的变化,存在知道或应当知道的相当条件

  其一,天福楼饭店位于奉节县城(永安镇)主城区“不夜城”饮食一条街之中,且名称响亮,经营有方,生意一向看好,全县城的人无所不晓。原告曾静、汪培锡作为天福楼的所有权人和出租人,按常理应当超过一般人对天福楼的关注,因而存在知道或者应当知道天福经营变化的相当条件。

  其二,双方于2007年3月18日签订的《门市租赁合同》,约定第一年租金14万元,一直由郭祥培统一领取后给付二原告,而二原告诉状上称:2007年8月14日谢、易、郭三人以《天福楼经营承包合同》形式转租给李毅,年租金40.3万元,一直由郭祥培领取后分给他们。这表明,他们已按此受益,却一直没有提出反对意见,说明二原告已经明知,而且默认了郭祥培的行为,多年来从无异议。现在正值租赁期中,二原告却起诉要求确认转租行为无效,并解除租赁合同收回房屋,无论从事实际上还是理由上,都是说不通的。

  其三,原告曾静、汪培锡与第三人郭祥培同属于天福楼的所有权人和出租人,按事实推论二原告早已知道郭祥培同时具有合伙承租人的身份,自出租至起诉时天福楼的房租费皆由郭祥培统一领取后分发给二原告,表明二原告与郭祥培之间有着充分联系,关系密切,足可推定二原告对郭祥培的经营行为完全了解却从无异议。

  其四,从法律层面讲,第三人李毅于2007年9月即经过工商登记取得天福楼饭店的营业执照,且营业执照悬挂于经营场所,对外具有合法经营的公示作用,并至今悬挂达数年之久,应视为天福楼产权人均应当知道,即不仅包括天福楼饭店的合伙人郭祥培,而且包括出租人的原告曾静和汪培锡。即便是原告曾静和汪培锡确实存在不知道的情况,其公示之效力同样及于二人。因此,本判决从公示效力上理解和判断,是符合法律精神的。

  (作者单位:重庆市奉节县人民法院)

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